Limiting reagent

 ( Chemical Reactions ) 

The limiting reagent (or limiting reactant or limiting agent) in a chemical reaction is a reactant that is totally consumed when the chemical reaction is completed.

Zumdahl, Steven S. (2025). 9780618372065, Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 9780618372065

The amount of product formed is limited by this reagent, since the reaction cannot continue without it. If one or more other reagents are present in excess of the quantities required to react with the limiting reagent, they are described as excess reagents or excess reactants (sometimes abbreviated as "xs"), or to be in abundance.

(2025). 9780495126713, Cengage Learning. ISBN 9780495126713

The limiting reagent must be identified in order to calculate the percentage yield of a reaction since the theoretical yield is defined as the amount of product obtained when the limiting reagent reacts completely. Given the balanced chemical equation, which describes the reaction, there are several equivalent ways to identify the limiting reagent and evaluate the excess quantities of other reagents.

---

Method 1: Comparison of reactant amounts This method is most useful when there are only two reactants. One reactant (A) is chosen, and the balanced chemical equation is used to determine the amount of the other reactant (B) necessary to react with A. If the amount of B actually present exceeds the amount required, then B is in excess and A is the limiting reagent. If the amount of B present is less than required, then B is the limiting reagent.

---

Example for two reactants Consider the combustion of benzene, represented by the following chemical equation:

2 C6H6(l) + 15 O2(g) -> 12 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

This means that 15 moles of molecular oxygen (O₂) is required to react with 2 moles of benzene (C₆H₆)

The amount of oxygen required for other quantities of benzene can be calculated using cross-multiplication (the rule of three). For example, if 1.5 mol C₆H₆ is present, 11.25 mol O₂ is required:

$1.5\; \backslash \; \backslash ce\{mol\backslash ,C6H6\}\; \backslash times\; \backslash frac\{15\; \backslash \; \backslash ce\{mol\backslash ,O2\}\}\{2\; \backslash \; \backslash ce\{mol\backslash ,C6H6\}\}\; =\; 11.25\; \backslash \; \backslash ce\{mol\backslash ,O2\}$

If in fact 18 mol O₂ are present, there will be an excess of (18 - 11.25) = 6.75 mol of unreacted oxygen when all the benzene is consumed. Benzene is then the limiting reagent.

This conclusion can be verified by comparing the mole ratio of O₂ and C₆H₆ required by the balanced equation with the mole ratio actually present:

• required: $\backslash frac\{\backslash ce\{mol\backslash ,O2\}\}\{\backslash ce\{mol\backslash ,C6H6\}\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{15\; \backslash \; \backslash ce\{mol\backslash ,O2\}\}\{2\; \backslash \; \backslash ce\{mol\backslash ,C6H6\}\}=7.5\; \backslash \; \backslash ce\{mol\backslash ,O2\}$
• actual: $\backslash frac\{\backslash ce\{mol\backslash ,O2\}\}\{\backslash ce\{mol\backslash ,C6H6\}\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{18\; \backslash \; \backslash ce\{mol\backslash ,O2\}\}\{1.5\; \backslash \; \backslash ce\{mol\backslash ,C6H6\}\}=12\; \backslash \; \backslash ce\{mol\backslash ,O2\}$

Since the actual ratio is larger than required, O₂ is the reagent in excess, which confirms that benzene is the limiting reagent.

---

Method 2: Comparison of product amounts which can be formed from each reactant In this method the chemical equation is used to calculate the amount of one product which can be formed from each reactant in the amount present. The limiting reactant is the one which can form the smallest amount of the product considered. This method can be extended to any number of reactants more easily than the first method.

---

Example 20.0 g of iron (III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) are reacted with 8.00 g aluminium (Al) in the following thermite reaction:

Fe2O3(s) + 2 Al(s) -> 2 Fe(l) + Al2O3(s)

Since the reactant amounts are given in grams, they must be first converted into moles for comparison with the chemical equation, in order to determine how many moles of Fe can be produced from either reactant.

• Moles of Fe which can be produced from reactant Fe₂O₃
• : $\backslash begin\{align\}$

\ce{mol~Fe2O3} &= \frac{\ce{grams~Fe2O3}}{\ce{g/mol~Fe2O3}}\\
&= \frac{20.0~\ce g}{159.7~\ce{g/mol}} = 0.125~\ce{mol}
     

\end{align}

• : $\backslash ce\{mol~Fe\}\; =\; 0.125\; \backslash \; \backslash ce\{mol~Fe2O3\}\; \backslash times\; \backslash frac\{\backslash ce\{2~mol~Fe\}\}\{\backslash ce\{1~mol~Fe2O3\}\}\; =\; 0.250~\backslash ce\{mol~Fe\}$
• Moles of Fe which can be produced from reactant Al
• : $\backslash begin\{align\}$

\ce{mol~Al} &= \frac\ce{grams~Al}\ce{g/mol~Al}\\
& = \frac{8.00~\ce g}{26.98~\ce{g/mol}} = 0.297~\ce{mol}
     

\end{align}

• : $\backslash ce\{mol~Fe\}\; =\; 0.297~\backslash ce\{mol~Al\}\; \backslash times\; \backslash frac\backslash ce\{2~mol~Fe\}\backslash ce\{2~mol~Al\}\; =\; 0.297~\backslash ce\{mol~Fe\}$

There is enough Al to produce 0.297 mol Fe, but only enough Fe₂O₃ to produce 0.250 mol Fe. This means that the amount of Fe actually produced is limited by the Fe₂O₃ present, which is therefore the limiting reagent.

---

Shortcut It can be seen from the example above that the amount of product (Fe) formed from each reagent X (Fe₂O₃ or Al) is proportional to the quantity

$\backslash frac\{\backslash mbox\{Moles\; of\; Reagent\; X\; \}\}\{\backslash mbox\{Stoichiometric\; Coefficient\; of\; Reagent\; X\}\}$

This value is the extent of reaction required to deplete each reagent to zero. The reagent that decreases to zero moles with the lowest extent of reaction is the limiting reagent. The extent value can be multiplied by the stoichiometric coefficients of the other reagents and products to determine the amounts of each chemical once the reaction is complete.

---

See also

• Limiting factor

Post Comment